Clinical Applications

EMDR Therapy

EMDR therapy's clinical applications extend far beyond its initial use in trauma and PTSD treatment. Discover how EMDR's flexible framework adapts to various clinical needs, offering transformative therapeutic possibilities.

shutterstock_144975454

EMDR Therapy Evaluated Clinical Applications

EMDR is now widely recognized as a first line treatment of trauma (e.g., American Psychiatric Association, 2004; Bisson & Andrew, 2007; Bleich et al., 2002; CREST, 2003; DVA/DoD, 2004; Foa et al., 2009; INSERM, 2004; NICE, 2005)

EMDR clinical applications are based upon the adaptive information processing model (AIP; see Shapiro, 2001, 2002, 2006, 2007) which posits that the direct reprocessing of the stored memories of etiological events and other experiential contributors can have a positive effect in the treatment of most clinical complaints. This prediction has received support in a case studies and open trials with a variety of diagnoses. Expanding the standard protocols (Shapiro, 1995, 2001), additional applications have been developed in clinical practice by experts and consultants in a number of specialty areas. To-date, while numerous controlled studies have supported EMDR's effectiveness in the treatment of trauma and PTSD across the lifespan, other clinical applications are generally evaluated in case studies or open trials and are in need of further investigation.

As with all treatments for most of these disorders, little controlled research has been conducted, a state of affairs evident in an evaluation report by a task force set in motion by the Clinical Division of the American Psychological Association (Chambless, Baker, Baucom, Beutler, Calhoun, Crits-Christoph, et al., 1998). This report revealed that only about a dozen complaints, such as specific phobias and headaches had empirically well-supported treatments. Many of the treatments listed as empirically validated had not been evaluated for the degree to which they provided substantial long-term clinical effects. For the latest listing see: http://therapyadvisor.com

While EMDR protocols for PTSD have been widely investigated by controlled research, it is hoped that additional promising applications will be thoroughly investigated.

Suggested parameters have been thoroughly delineated (Shapiro, 2001, 2002). To aid researchers in identifying protocols available for study, and to assist clinicians in obtaining supervision for proposed applications, published materials and conference presentations are listed below. Many presentations have been taped and are available from the conference coordinators. Presenters may also be accessed directly through the EMDR International Association http://www.emdria.org

Another excellent resource is The Francine Shapiro Library (FSL) developed by Barbara Hensley Ed.D., and sponsored by EMDR International Association.  It is the premier repository for scholarly articles and other important writings related to the Adaptive Information Processing (AIP) model and EMDR. The intent of the FSL is twofold: (1) to electronically house documents related to EMDR or AIP and (2) to maintain a comprehensive, accurate, and up-to-date list of citations related to AIP and EMDR. http://emdria.omeka.net/

shutterstock_419496319

Since the initial efficacy study (Shapiro, 1989a), positive therapeutic results with EMDR have been reported with a wide range of populations including the following:

(Blore, 1997a; Brickell, Russell, & Smith, 2015; Carlson, Chemtob, Rusnak, & Hedlund, 1996; Carlson, Chemtob, Rusnak, Hedlund, & Muraoka, 1998; Daniels, Lipke, Richardson, & Silver, 1992; Hurley, 2018; Lansing, 2013; Lipke, 2000; Lipke & Botkin, 1992; McLay et al, 2016; Narimani, Sadeghieh Ahari, & Rajabi, 2008; Niroomandi, 2012; Russell, 2006, 2008b; Russell & Figley, 2012; Russell, Silver, Rogers, & Darnell, 2007; Silver & Rogers, 2001; Silver, Rogers, & Russell, 2008; Thomas & Gafner, 1993; Wesson & Gould, 2009; Wright & Russell, 2012; White, 1998; Young, 1995;).

(Cusimano, 2018; Cook & Taylor, 2013; de Jongh, 2012; de Jongh, Holmshaw, Carswell, & van Wijk, 2010; de Jongh & ten Broeke, 1998; de Jongh, ten Broeke, & Renssen, 1999; de Jongh, van den Oord, & ten Broeke, 2002; Doering, Ohlmeier, de Jongh, Hofmann, & Bisping, 2013; de Roos & de Jongh, 2008; de Roos, Veenstra, de Jongh, den Hollander-Gijsman, van der Wee,  Zitman,  & van Rood, 2010; Feske & Goldstein, 1997; Farima, Dowlatabadi, & Behzadi, 2015; Farretta, 2013; Fernandez & Faretta, 2007; Gauvreau & Bouchard, 2008; Goldstein, 1992; Goldstein & Feske, 1994; Grey, 2011; Gupta, Gupta, & Choudhary; 2014; Horst et al., 2017; Howard & Cox, 2006; Kleinknecht, 1993; Leeds; 2012; Marr, 2012; Marsden, 2016; Nadler, 1996; Morrissey; 2013; Nazari, Momeni, Jariani, & Tarrahi, 2011; Newgent, Paladino, & Reynolds, 2006; O’Brien, 1993; Rathschlag & Memmert, 2014; Schurmans, 2007). Some controlled studies of spider phobics have revealed comparatively little benefit from EMDR (e.g., Muris & Merckelbach, 1997; Muris, Merkelbach, Holdrinet, & Sijsenaar, 1998; Muris, Merckelbach, van Haaften, & Nayer, 1997) but evaluations have been confounded by lack of fidelity to the published protocols (see de Jongh et al, 1999; Shapiro, 1999). One evaluation of panic disorder with agoraphobia (Goldstein, de Beurs, Chambless, & Wilson, 2000) also reported limited results.

(Jensma, 1999; Kitchiner, 2004; Kitchiner & Aylard, 2002; Kleinknecht & Morgan, 1992; Lansing, Amen, Hanks, & Rudy, 2005; McNally & Solomon, 1999; Page & Crino, 1993; Rost, Hofmann, & Wheeler, 2009; Shapiro & Solomon, 1995; Solomon, 1995, 1998; Solomon & Dyregrov, 2000; Wilson, Becker, Tinker, & Logan, 2001).

(Lazrove, Triffleman, Kite, McGlasshan, & Rounsaville, 1998; Meysner, Cotter, & Lee, 2016; Puk,1991; Shapiro & Solomon, 1995; Solomon, 1995, 1998; Solomon & Kaufman, 2002; Solomon & Rando, 2007; Solomon & Shapiro, 1997; Sprang, 2001).

(Ahmad, Larsson, & Sundelin-Wahlsten, 2007; Bae, Kim, & Park, 2008; Beer & Bronner, 2010; Bronner, Beer, van Zelm van Eldik, Grootenhuis, & Last, 2009; Chemtob, Nakashima, Hamada, & Carlson, 2002; Cocco & Sharpe, 1993; Datta & Wallace, 1994, 1996; Dautovic, de Roos, van Rood, Dommweholt, & Rodenburg, 2016; Fernandez, 2007; Fernandez, Gallinari, & Lorenzetti, 2004; Gomez, 2012; Greenwald, 1994, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002; 2009; Jaberghaderi, Greenwald, Rubin, Dolatabadim, & Zand, 2004; Jarero, Artigas, & Hartung, 2006; Klaff, 2016; Korkmazler-Oral & Pamuk, 2002; Lovett, 1999; Maxfield, 2007; Maroufi, Zamani, Izadikhah, Marofi, & O’Connor, 2016; Oras, de Ezpeleta, & Ahmad, 2004; Pellicer, 1993; Puffer, Greenwald & Elrod, 1998; Rodenburg, Benjamin, Meijer, & Jongeneel, 2009; Russell & O’Connor, 2002; Scheck, Schaeffer, & Gillette, 1998; Shapiro, 1991; Soberman, Greenwald, & Rule, 2002; Stewart & Bramson, 2000; Taylor, 2002; Tinker & Wilson, 1999; Tufnell, Gauhar, & Majid, 2016; 2005; Wadaa, Zaharim, & Alqashan, 2010; Wanders, Serra, & de Jongh, 2008; Zaghrout-Hodali, Alissa, & Dodgson, 2008).

(Allon, 2015; Edmond, Lawrence, & Schrag, 2016; Edmond, Rubin, & Wambach, 1999; Hyer, 1995; Kowal, 2005; Posmontier, Dovydaitis, & Lipman, 2010; Puk, 1991; Rothbaum, 1997; Rothbaum, Astin, & Marsteller, 2005; Scheck, Schaeffer, & Gillette, 1998; Shapiro, 1989b, 1991, 1994; Tang, Yang, Yen, & Liu, 2015; Wolpe & Abrams, 1991).

(Chemtob et al, 2002; Colelli, & Patterson, 2008; Farrell, Keenan, Wajid Ali, Bilal, Tareen, & Rana, 2011; Fernandez, 2008; Fernandez, Gallinari, & Lorenzetti, 2004; Gelbach, 2008; Grainger, Levin, Allen-Byrd, Doctor, & Lee, 1997; Jarero & Artigas, 2010; Jarero, Artigas, Mauer, Lopez Cano, & Alcala, 1999; Jarero & Uribe, 2012; Jayatunge, 2008; Konuk, Knipe, Eke, Yuksek, Yurtsever, & Ostep, 2006; Shapiro & Laub, 2008, 2015; Silver, Rogers, Knipe, & Colelli, 2005).

(Blore, 1997b; Broad & Wheeler, 2006; Hassard, 1993; McCann, 1992; Stramrood et al, 2012).

(Bardin, 2004; Capps, 2006; Errebo & Sommers-Flanagan, 2007; Keenan & Farrell, 2000; Gattinara, 2009; Harris et al., 2018; Kaslow, Nurse, & Thompson, 2002; Knudsen, 2007; Koedam, 2007; Madrid, Skolek, & Shapiro, 2006; Moses, 2007; Phillips et al, 2009; Protinsky, Sparks, & Flemke, 2001b; Reicherzer, 2011; Shapiro, Kaslow, & Maxfield, 2007; Stowasser, 2007; Talan, 2007; Wernik, 1993; Wesselmann et al, 2012; Wesselmann & Potter, 2009; Wesselmann, Schweitzer, & Armstrong, 2014).

(Abel & O’Brien, 2010, 2014; Amundsen & Karstad, 2006; Bae, Hahn, & Kim, 2015; Bae & Kim, 2012; Beatrice & Tapia, 2014; Besson et al., 2006; Brown, Gilman, Goodman, Adler-Tapia, & Freng, 2015; Brown, Stowasser & Shapiro, 2011, 2016; Cox & Howard, 2007; Halvgaard, 2015; Hase, Schallmayer, & Sack, 2008; Hase, 2009; Henry, 1996; Knipe, 1998, 2005, 2009 2014; Kullack & Laugharne, 2016; Krupnik, 2015; Littel, van den Hout, & Engelhard, 2016; Markus & Hornsveld, 2017; Marich, 2009,2010; Meysami-Bonab, Abolghasemi, Sheikhian, Barahmand, & Rasooliazad, 2012; Miller, 2010; 2012; O’Brien & Abel, 2011; Perez-Dandieu et al., 2015; Popky, 2005, 2009; Ricci, 2006; Ricci & Clayton, 2008, 2016; Ricci, Clayton, & Shapiro, 2006;  Rougemont-Bucking & Zimmermann, 2012; Shapiro & Forrest, 1997; Shapiro, Vogelmann-Sine, & Sine, 1994, 1999; Tsoutsa, Fotopoulos, Zakynthinos & Katsaonou, 2013; van Rens, de Weert-van Oene, van Ooosteren & Rutten, 2012; Vogelmann-Sine, Sine & Smyth, 1999; Vogelmann-Sine, Sine, Smyth, & Popky, 1998; Wise & Marich, 2016; Zweben & Yeary, 2006).

(Barol and Seubert, 2010; Cohen, 2009; de Bont,et al., 2019; Dilly, 2014; Fine, 1994; Fine & Berkowitz, 2001; Knipe, 2014; Lazrove & Fine,1996; Paulsen, 1995; Twombly, 2000, 2005; Young, 1994; van der Hart, 2014).

(Barker & Barker, 2007; Crabbe, 1996; Foster & Lendl, 1995, 1996; Graham, 2004; Maxfield & Melnyk, 2000; Silverman, 2011.

(Amano, Seiyama, & Toichi 2013; Bloomgarden & Calogero, 2008; Brown, McGoldrick, & Buchanan, 1997; Carletto & Pagania, 2016; Chemali & Meadows, 2004; Cope et al., 2017; Demirci, 2017; de Roos, Veenstra, de Jongh, den Hollander-Gijsman, van der Wee, Zitman, & van Rood, 2010; Dziegielewski & Wolfe, 2000; Farretta, Borsato, Civilotti, Fernandez, & Pagani, 2016; Farretta, & Civilotti, 2016; Gattinara, 2009; Gerhardt et al. 2016; Grant, 1999; Grant, 2009; Grant & Threlfo, 2002; Gupta & Gupta, 2002; Halvgaard, 2015; Höfel et al., 2018; Hughes, 2014; Jarero, Artigas, Uribe, & Garcia, 2016; Kelley & Selim, 2007; Kneff & Krebs, 2004; Konuk, Epözdemir, Atçeken, Aydın, & Yurtsever, 2011; Kowal, 2005; Marcus, 2008; Maroufi, Zamani, Izadikhah, Marofi, & O’Connor, 2016; Mazzola, Calcagno, Goicochea, Pueyrredòn, Leston, & Salvat, 2009; McGoldrick, Begum, & Brown, 2008; Moore, 2016; Nia, 2018; Ray & Zbik, 2001; Phillips, et. al., 2019; Rikkert et al., 2018; Rostaminejad et al., 2018; Royle, 2008; Russell, 2008a, 2008b; Schneider, Hofmann, Rost, & Shapiro, 2007, 2008; Silver, Rogers & Russell, 2008; Sinici, 2016; Tefft & Jordan, 2016; Tinker & Wilson, 2006; Wilensky, 2006; Wilson, Tinker, Becker, Hofmann, & Cole, 2000; Zaccagnino et al., 2017).

(Bae, Kim, & Park, 2008; Behnam, Behnam, & Salehian, 2015; Behnammoghadam, Alamdari, Behnammoghadam, & Darban, 2015; Broad & Wheeler, 2006; Gauhar & Majid, 2016; Grey, 2011; Hase, Balmaceda, Hase, Lehnung, Tumani, Huchzermeier, & Hofmann, 2015; Hase et al., 2018; Lobenstine & Coutney, 2013; Manfield, 1998b; Minelli et al., 2019; Ostacoli et al., 2018; Protinsky, Sparks, & Flemke, 2001a; Semiz, Atik, & Erdem, 2016; Srivastava & Mukhopadhyay, 2008).

(Allen & Lewis, 1996; Barol & Seubert, 2010; Bisson, Ehlers, Matthews, Pilling, Richards, & Turner, 2007; Brown & Shapiro, 2006; Carbone, 2008; Cohn, 1993; Farrell et al, 2010; Fensterheim, 1996; Forbes, Creamer, & Rycroft, 1994; Gelinas, 2003; George, et al, 2014; Griffioen et al., 2017; Inoue, 2009;  Jovett, Karatzias, Brown, Grieve, Paterson, & Wally, 2016; Kim & Choi, 2004; Kutz, Resnik, & Dekel, 2008; Kosatka & Ona, 2014; Kim & Choi, 2004; Kitchiner, 2000; Korn & Leeds, 2002; Landin-Romero et al; 2014; Laub & Weiner, 2011; Manfield, 1998a; Manfield & Shapiro, 2003; Marquis, 1991; Maxwell, 2003; McCullough, 2002; McLaughlin et al, 2008; Mevissen, & de Jongh, 2010; Mevissen, Didden, & de Jongh, 2016; Mevissen, Lievegoed, & de Jongh, 2010; Mevissen, Lievegoed, Seubert, & de Jongh, 2011; Mosquera & Gonzalez, 2014; Mosquera & Knipe, 2015; Mosquera, Leeds & Gonzalez, 2014; Mosquera & Ross, 2016; Nova et al, 2014; Osorio et.al., 2018;Park, Kim, Jang, & Bae, 2016; Parnell, 1996; Pollock, 2000;; Protinsky, Sparks, & Flemke, 2001a; Proudlock & Hutchins, 2016; Raboni, Tufik, & Suchecki, 2006; Renfrey & Spates, 1994; Roberts, 2018; Rittenhouse, 2000; Sandstrom et al, 2008; Schneider, Nabavi, & Heuft, 2005; Schubert, Lee, de Araujo, Butler, Taylor, & Drummond, 2016;  Seidler & Wagner, 2006; Shapiro, 2012; Shapiro & Forrest, 1997; Shapiro & Laub, 2008; Spates & Burnette, 1995; Semiz, Atik, & Erdem, 2016; Spector & Huthwaite, 1993; Sprang, 2001; Tofani & Wheeler, 2011; van den Berg & van den Gaag, 2012; Vaughan, et al, 1994; Vaughan, Wiese, Gold, & Tarrier, 1994; Wolpe & Abrams, 1991; Yurtsever et al., 2018; Zabukovec, Lazrove, & Shapiro, 2000).

Reference

Abel, N. J., & O’Brien, J. M. (2010). EMDR treatment of comorbid PTSD and alcohol dependence: A case example. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 4, 50-59.

Abel, N. J. & O’Brien, J. M. (2014). Treating addiction with EMDR therapy and the stages of change. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company

Adúriz, M. E., Bluthgen, C., & Knopfler, C. (2009). Helping child flood victims using group EMDR intervention in Argentina: Treatment outcome and gender differences. International Journal of Stress Management, 16, 138-153.

Ahmad, A., Larsson, B., & Sundelin-Wahlsten, V. (2007). EMDR treatment for children with PTSD: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 61, 349-54.

Allen, J. G., & Lewis, L. (1996). A conceptual framework for treating traumatic memories and its application to EMDR. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 60, 238-263.

Allon, M. (2015). EMDR group therapy with women who were sexually assaulted in the Congo. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 9, 28-34.

Amano, T., Seiyama, A., & Toichi, M. (2013). Brain activity measured with near-infrared spectroscopy during EMDR treatment of phantom limb pain. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 7, 144-153.

American Psychiatric Association (2004).  Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.  Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association Practice Guidelines.

Amundsen, J. E. & Kärstad, K. (2006). Integrating EMDR and the treatment of substance abuse/Om bare jeppe visste…-EMDR og rusbehandling. Tidsskrift Norsk Psykologforening, 43(5): 469-475.

Bae, H., Han, C., & Kim, D. (2015). Desensitization of triggers and urge reprocessing for pathological gambling: A case series. Journal of Gambling Studies, 31, 331-342.

Bae, H., & Kim, D. (2012). Desensitization of triggers and urge reprocessing for an adolescent with internet addiction disorder. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 6, 73-81.

Bae, H., Kim, D., & Park, Y.C. (2008). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for adolescent depression. Psychiatry Investigation, 5(1), 60-65.

Bardin, A. (2004). EMDR within a family perspective. Journal of Family Psychotherapy, 15, 47-61.

Barker, R. T., & Barker, S. B. (2007). The use of EMDR in reducing presentation anxiety. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 1, 100-108.

Barol, B. I., & Seubert, A. (2010). Stepping stones: EMDR treatment of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities and challenging behavior. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 4, 156-169.

Beatrice, B. & Tapia, G. (2014). Treating trauma in addiction with EMDR: A pilot study. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 46(4): 303-309.

Beer, R., & Bronner, M. B. (2010). EMDR in paediatrics and rehabilitation: An effective tool for reduction of stress reactions? Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 13, 307-9.

Behnam, M. M., Behnam, M. A., & Salehian, T. (2015). Efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) on depression in patients with myocardial infarction (MI) in a 12-month follow up. Iranian Journal of Critical Care Nursing, 7, 221-226.

Behnammoghadam, M., Alamdari, A. K., Behnammoghadam, A., & Darban, F. (2015). Effect of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) on depression in patients with myocardial infarction. Global Journal Health Science, 7, 258-262.

Besson, J. Eap, C., Rougemont-Buecking, A., Simon, O., Nikolov, C., Bonsack, C. & Gothuey, I. (2006). Addictions. Rev Med Suisse, 2(47): 9-13.

Bisson, J., & Andrew, M. (2007). Psychological treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD003388.

Bisson, J. I., Ehlers, A., Matthews, R., Pilling, S., Richards, D., & Turner, S. (2007). Psychological treatments for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder. Systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 190, 97-104.

Bleich, A., Kotler, M., Kutz, I., & Shalev, A.  (2002). A position paper of the (Israeli) National Council for Mental Health: Guidelines for the assessment and professional intervention with terror victims in the hospital and in the community. Jerusalem, Israel.

Blore, D. C. (1997a). Reflections on "a day when the whole world seemed to be darkened". Changes: An International Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry, 15, 89-95.

Blore, D. C. (1997b). Use of EMDR to treat morbid jealousy: A case study. British Journal of Nursing, 6, 984-988.

Bloomgarden, A., & Calogero, R. M. (2008). A randomized experimental test of the efficacy of EMDR treatment on negative body image in eating disorder inpatients. Eating Disorders, 16, 418-427.

Brickell, M., Russell, M. C., & Smith, R. B. (2015). The effectiveness of evidence-based treatments in treatment of active military personnel and their families. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 9, 198-208.

Broad, R. D., & Wheeler, K. (2006). An adult with childhood medical trauma treated with Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy and EMDR: A case study. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 42, 95-105.

Bronner, M. B., Beer, R., Jozine van Zelm van Eldik, M., Grootenhuis, M. A., & Last, B. F. (2009). Reducing acute stress in a 16-year old using trauma-focused cognitive behaviour therapy and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 12, 170-174.

Brown, K. W., McGoldrick, T., & Buchanan, R. (1997). Body dysmorphic disorder: Seven cases treated with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Behavioural & Cognitive Psychotherapy, 25, 203-207.

Brown, S. H., Gilman, S. G., Goodman, E. G., Adler-Tapia, R., & Freng, S. (2015). Integrated trauma treatment in drug court: Combining EMDR and seeking safety. Journal of EMDR Practice & Research, 9, 123-136.

Brown, S., & Shapiro, F. (2006).  EMDR in the treatment of borderline personality disorder. Clinical Case Studies, 5, 403-420.

Brown, S. H., Stowasser, J. E., & Shapiro, F. (2011). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Mental health-substance use. In D. B. Cooper (Ed.), Intervention in mental health-substance use (pp. 165-193). United Kingdom: Radcliffe Publishing Ltd.

Brown, S., Stowasser, J. & Shapiro, F. (2016). EMDR therapy and the treatment of substance abuse and addiction. In Innovations in the treatment of substance addiction (pp. 69-100). Springer International Publishing.

Capps, F. (2006). Combining Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing with Gestalt Techniques in Couples Counseling. Family Journal: Counseling and Therapy for Couples and Families, 14, 49.

Carbone, D. J. (2008). Treatment of gay men for post-traumatic stress disorder resulting from social ostracism and ridicule: Cognitive behavior therapy and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing approaches. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 37, 305–316.

Carletto, S., & Pagani, M. (2016). Neurobiological impact of EMDR in cancer. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 10(3), 153-161.

Carlson, J. G., Chemtob, C. M., Rusnak, K., & Hedlund, N. L. (1996). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing treatment for combat PTSD. Psychotherapy, 33, 104-113.

Carlson, J. G., Chemtob, C. M., Rusnak, K., Hedlund, N. L., & Muraoka, M. Y. (1998). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing treatment for combat related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11, 3-24.

Chemali, Z., & Meadows, M. (2004). The use of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of psychogenic seizures. Epilepsy & Behavior, 5, 784-787.

Chambless, D. L., Baker, M. J., Baucom, D. H., Beutler, L. E., Calhoun, K. S., Crits-Christoph, P., … Woody, S. R. (1998). Update on empirically validated therapies, II. The Clinical Psychologist, 51, 3-16.

Chemtob, C. M., Nakashima, J. Hamada, R. S., & Carlson, J. G. (2002). Brief-treatment for elementary school children with disaster-related posttraumatic stress disorder: A field study. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 99-112.

Cocco, N., & Sharpe, L. (1993). An auditory variant of eye movement desensitization in a case of childhood post- traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 24, 373-377.

Cohen, A. (2009). Treatment of dissociation with EMDR when war interrupts the process: The integration of EMDR with e-mail therapy. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3, 50-56.

Cohn, L. (1993). Art psychotherapy and the new eye treatment desensitization and reprocessing (EMD/R) method, an integrated approach. In E. Dishup (Ed.), California Art Therapy Trends (pp. 275-290). Chicago, IL: Magnolia Street Publisher.

Colelli, G., & Patterson, B. (2008). Three case reports illustrating the use of the protocol for recent traumatic events following the world trade center terrorist attack. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2, 114-123.

Cook-Vienot, R., & Taylor, R. J. (2012). Comparison of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing and biofeedback/stress inoculation training in treating test anxiety. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 6, 62-72.

Cope, S.R. et al. (2018). EMDR to Treat Functional Neurological Disorder: A Review. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research 12(3): 118-132

Cox, R. P., & Howard, M. D. (2007). Utilization of EMDR in the treatment of sexual addiction: A case study. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 14, 1.

Cusimano, A. (2018). EMDR in the Treatment of Adolescent Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Case Study. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research 12(4): 242-254.

Crabbe, B. (1996). Can eye-movement therapy improve your riding. Dressage Today, 28-33.

CREST (2003). The management of post traumatic stress disorder in adults.  A publication of the Clinical Resource Efficiency Support Team of the Northern Ireland Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety, Belfast.

Daniels, N., Lipke, H., Richardson, R., & Silver, S. (1992). Vietnam veterans' treatment programs using eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Symposium presented at the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies Annual Convention, Los Angeles, CA.

Datta, P. C., & Wallace, J. (1994). Treatment of sexual traumas of sex offenders using eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Paper presented at the 11th Annual Symposium in Forensic Psychology, San Francisco.

Datta, P. C., & Wallace, J. (1996). Enhancement of victim empathy along with reduction of anxiety and increase of positive cognition of sex offenders after treatment with EMDR. Paper presented at the EMDR Special Interest Group at the Annual Convention of the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, New York.

Dautovic, E., de Roos, C., van Rood, Y., Dommweholt, A., & Rodenburg, R. (2016). Pediatric seizure-related posttraumatic stress and anxiety symptoms treated with EMDR: A case series. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 7, 30123.

de Bont, P., et al. (2019) Health–economic benefits of treating trauma in psychosis, European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10:1, 1565032

de Bont, P. A., van den Berg, D. P., van der Vleugel, B. M., de Roos, C., Mulder, C. L., Becker, E. S.,  … van Minnen, A. (2013). A multi-site single blind clinical study to compare the effects of prolonged exposure, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing and waiting list on patients with a current diagnosis of psychosis and co morbid post traumatic stress disorder: Study protocol for the randomized controlled trial treating trauma in psychosis. Trials, 14, 151.

de Jongh, A. (2012). Treatment of a woman with emetophobia: A trauma focused approach. Mental Illness, 4, 10-14.

de Jongh, A., Holmshaw, M., Carswell, W., & van Wijk, A. (2010). Usefulness of a trauma-focused treatment approach for travel phobia. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 18, 124-37.

de Jongh, A., & ten Broeke, E. (1998). Treatment of choking phobia by targeting traumatic memories with EMDR: A case study. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 5, 264-269.

de Jongh, A., ten Broeke, E., & Renssen, M. R. (1999). Treatment of specific phobias with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Protocol, empirical status, and conceptual issues. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13, 69-85.

de Jongh, A., van den Oord, H. J. M., & ten Broeke, E. (2002). Efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of specific phobias: Four single-case studies on dental phobia. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 1489-1503.

Demirci, O.O. (2017).  Comparison of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and Duloxetine Treatment Outcomes in Women Patients with Somatic Symptom Disorder. Sleep and Hypnosis, 19(3), 70-77.

Department of Veterans Affairs & Department of Defense (2004). VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Post-Traumatic Stress. Washington, DC: Veterans Health Administration, Department of Veterans Affairs and Health Affairs, Department of Defense. Office of Quality and Performance publication 10Q-CPG/PTSD-04.

de Roos, C., & de Jongh, A. (2008). EMDR treatment of children and adolescents with a choking phobia. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2, 201-211.

de Roos, C., Veenstra, A. C., de Jongh, A., den Hollander-Gijsman, M. E., van der Wee, N. J. A., Zitman, F. G., & van Rood, Y. R. (2010). Treatment of chronic phantom limb pain using a trauma-focused psychological approach. Pain Research & Management, 15, 65-71.

Dilly, R. (2014). Eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing in the treatment of trauma with mild intellectual disabilities. Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities, 8, 63-71.

Doering, S., Ohlmeier, M. C., de Jongh, A., Hofmann, A., & Bisping, V. (2013). Efficacy of a trauma‐focused treatment approach for dental phobia: a randomized clinical trial. European Journal of Oral Sciences, 121, 584-93.

Dziegielewski, S., & Wolfe, P. (2000). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) as a time-limited treatment intervention for body image disturbance and self-esteem: A single subject case study design. Journal of Psychotherapy in Independent Practice, 1, 1-16.

Edmond, T., Lawrence, K. A., & Schrag, R. V. (2016). Perceptions and use of EMDR therapy in rape crisis centers. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 10, 23-32.

Edmond, T., Rubin, A., & Wambach, K. G. (1999). The effectiveness of EMDR with adult female survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Social Work Research, 23, 103-116.

Errebo, N., & Sommers-Flanagan, R. (2007). EMDR and emotionally focused couple therapy for war veteran couples. In F. Shapiro, F. W. Kaslow & L. Maxfield (Eds.), Handbook of EMDR and family therapy processes. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Farima, R., Dowlatabadi, S., & Behzadi, S. (2015). The effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in reducing pathological worry in patients with generalized anxiety disorder: A preliminary study. Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 1, 33–43.

Farrell, D. P., Dworkin, M., Keenan, P., & Spierings, J. (2010). Using EMDR with survivors of sexual abuse perpetrated by Roman Catholic priests. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 4, 124-133.

Farrell, D. P., Keenan, P. S., Wajid Ali, M., Bilal, S. M., Tareen, S. M., Keenan, L., & Rana, M. H.  (2011): Training Pakistani mental health workers in EMDR in the aftermath of the 2005 earthquake in Northern Pakistan. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 24, 127-137.

Faretta, E. (2013). EMDR and cognitive behavioral therapy in the treatment of panic disorder: A comparison. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 7, 121-133.

Farretta, E., Borsato, T., Civilotti, C., Fernandez, I., & Pagani, M. (2016).EMDR and CBT: A comparative clinical study with oncological patients. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 10(3), 215-227.

Farretta, E., & Civilotti, C. (2016). EMDR therapy in psycho-oncology: A bridge between mind and body. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 10, 138-152.

Fensterheim, H. (1996). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing with complex personality pathology: An integrative therapy. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 6, 27-38.

Fernandez, I. (2007). EMDR as treatment of post-traumatic reactions: A field study on child victims of an earthquake. Educational and Child Psychology. Special Issue: Therapy, 24, 65-72.

Fernandez, I. (2008). EMDR after a critical incident:  Treatment of a tsunami survivor with acute posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2, 156-159.

Fernandez, I., & Faretta, E. (2007). EMDR in the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia. Clinical Case Studies, 6, 44-63.

Fernandez, I., Gallinari, E., & Lorenzetti, A. (2004). A school-based EMDR intervention for children who witnessed the Pirelli Building airplane crash in Milan, Italy. Journal of Brief Therapy, 2, 129-136.

Feske, U., & Goldstein, A. (1997). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing treatment for panic disorder: A controlled outcome and partial dismantling study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 36, 1026-1035.

Fine, C. G. (1994). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for dissociative disorders. Presentation at the Eastern Regional Conference on Abuse and Multiple Personality. Alexandria, VA.

Fine, C., & Berkowitz, A. (2001). The wreathing protocol: The imbrication of hypnosis and EMDR in the treatment of dissociative identity disorder and other dissociative responses. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 43, 275-290.

Foa, E. B., Keane, T. M., Friedman, M. J., & Cohen, J. A. (2009). Effective treatments for PTSD: Practice Guidelines of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies New York: Guilford Press.

Forbes, D., Creamer, M., & Rycroft, P. (1994). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in posttraumatic stress disorder: A pilot study using assessment measures. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 25, 113-120.

Foster, S., & Lendl, J. (1995). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Initial applications for enhancing performance in athletes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 7, 63.

Foster, S., & Lendl, J. (1996). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Four case studies of a new tool for executive coaching and restoring employee performance after setbacks. Consulting Psychology Journal, 48, 155-161.

Gattinara, P. C. (2009). Working with EMDR in chronic incapacitating diseases: The experience of a neuromuscular diseases center. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3, 169-177.

Gauhar, M., & Majid, Y. (2016). The efficacy of EMDR in the treatment of depression. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 10, 59-69.

Gauvreau, P., & Bouchard, S. P. (2008). Preliminary evidence for the efficacy of EMDR in treating generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2, 26-40.

Gelbach, R. (2008). Trauma, research, and EMDR: A disaster responder’s wish list. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2, 146-155.

Gelinas, D. J. (2003). Integrating EMDR into phase-oriented treatment for trauma. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation, 4, 91-135.

George, A., Thilly, N., Rydberg, J. A., Luz, R., & Spitz, E. (2013). Effectiveness of EMDR treatment in PTSD after childbirth: A randomized controlled trial protocol. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 22, 866-868.

Gerhardt, A., Leisner, S., Hartmann, M., Janke, S., Seidler, G. H., Eich, W., & Tesarz, J. (2016). Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing vs. Treatment-as-Usual for Non-Specific Chronic Back Pain Patients with Psychological Trauma: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 7, 201.

Goldstein, A. (1992). Treatment of panic and agoraphobia with EMDR: Preliminary data of the Agoraphobia and Anxiety Treatment Center, Temple University. Paper presented at the Fourth World Congress on Behavior Therapy, Queensland, Australia.

Goldstein, A. J., de Beurs, E., Chambless, D. L., & Wilson, K. A. (2000). EMDR for panic disorder with agoraphobia: comparison with waiting-list and credible attention-placebo control condition. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 947-956.

Goldstein, A., & Feske, U. (1994). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for panic disorder: A case series. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 8, 351-362.

Gomez, A. (2012). EMDR therapy and adjunct approaches with children: Complex trauma, attachment, and dissociation. New York, NY: Springer Publishing.

Gonzalez, A., & Mosquera, D. (2012). EMDR and dissociation: The progressive approach. A. I.

Graham, L. (2004) Traumatic swimming events reprocessed with EMDR.  www.Thesportjournal.org, 7, 1-5.

Grainger, R. D., Levin, C., Allen-Byrd, L., Doctor, R. M., & Lee, H. (1997). An empirical evaluation of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) with survivors of a natural disaster. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 10, 665-671.

Grant, M. (1999). Pain control with EMDR. New Hope, PA: EMDR Humanitarian Assistance Program.

Grant, M. (2009). Change your brain, change your pain: Based on EMDR. Author

Grant, M., & Threlfo, C. (2002). EMDR in the treatment of chronic pain. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 1505-1520.

Greenwald, R. (1994). Applying eye movement desensitization and reprocessing to the treatment of traumatized children: Five case studies. Anxiety Disorders Practice Journal, 1, 83-97.

Greenwald, R. (1998). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): New hope for children suffering from trauma and loss. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 3, 279-287.

Greenwald, R. (1999). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in child and adolescent psychotherapy. New Jersey, Jason Aronson Press.

Greenwald, R. (2000). A trauma-focused individual therapy approach for adolescents with conduct disorder.  International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 44, 146-163.

Greenwald, R. (2002). Motivation-adaptive skills-trauma resolution (MASTR) therapy for adolescents with conduct problems: An open trial. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment, and Trauma, 6, 237-261.

Grey, E. (2011). A pilot study of concentrated EMDR: A brief report. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 5, 14-24.

Griffioen, B.T., van der Vegt, A.A., de Groot, I.W., de Jongh, A.  (2017). The effect of EMDR and CBT on low self-esteem in a general psychiatric population: A randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Psychology, 8.

Gupta, M., & Gupta, A. (2002). Use of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of dermatologic disorders. Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery, 6, 415-421.

Gupta, D., Gupta, N., & Choudhary, T. (2014). Effectiveness of the EMDR therapy on specific phobia in young children. Delhi Psychiatry Journal, 17, 175-178.

Halvgaard, K. (2015). Single case study: Does EMDR psychotherapy work on emotional eating? Journal of EMDR Practice & Research, 9(4): 188-197.

Harris, H., Urdaneta, V., Triana, V., Vo, C.S., Walden, D. & Myers, D. (2018). A pilot study with Spanish-speaking Latina survivors of domestic violence comparing EMDR & TFCBT group interventions. Open Journal of Social Sciences , 6, 203-222.

Hase, M. (2009). CravEx: An EMDR approach to treat substance abuse and addiction. In M. Luber (Ed.), Eye movement desensitization (EMDR) scripted protocols: Special populations (pp. 467-488). New York, NY: Springer Publishing.

Hase, M., Balmaceda, U. M., Hase, A., Lehnung, M., Tumani, V., Huchzermeier, C., & Hofmann, A. (2007). On treatment with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing of chronic post-traumatic stress disorder in public transportation workers - A randomized controlled trial. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 61, 54-61.

Hase, M., Balmaceda, U. M., Hase, A., Lehnung, M., Tumani, V., Huchzermeier, C., & Hofmann, A. (2015). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy in the treatment of depression: A matched pairs study in an inpatient setting. Brain and Behavior, 5.

Hase, M., Plagge, J., Hase, A., Braas, R., Ostacoli, L., Hofmann, A., Huchzermeier, C., {2018). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing versus treatment as usual in the treatment of depression: a randomized-controlled trial. Frontiers of Psychology, 14 (9), 1384

Hase, M., Schallmayer, S., & Sack, M. (2008). EMDR reprocessing of the addiction memory: Pretreatment, posttreatment, and 1-month follow-up. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2, 170-179.

Hassard, A. (1993). Eye movement desensitization of body image. Behavioural Psychotherapy, 21, 157-160.

Halvgaard, K. (2015). Single case study: Does EMDR psychotherapy work on emotional eating? Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 9, 188-197.

Henry, S. L. (1996). Pathological gambling: Etiological considerations and treatment efficacy of eye movement desensitization/reprocessing. Journal of Gambling Studies, 12, 395-405.

Hensel, T. (2009). EMDR with children and adolescents after single-incident trauma: An intervention study. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3, 2-9.

Höfel et al. (2018). Successful treatment of methotrexate intolerance in juvenile idiopathic arthritis using eye movement desensitization and reprocessing – treatment protocol and preliminary results, Pediatric Rheumatology, 16, 16:11.

Horst, F., Den Oudsten, B., Zijlstra, W., de Jongh, A., Lobbestael, J., and De Vries, J. (2017). Cognitive behavioral therapy vs. eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for treating panic disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Frontiers of Psychology, 8:1

Howard, M. D., & Cox, R. P. (2006). Use of EMDR in the treatment of water phobia at Navy boot camp:  A case study. Traumatology, 12, 302-313.

Hughes, M. (2014). EMDR as a therapeutic treatment for complex regional pain syndrome: A case report. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 8, 66-73.

Hurley, E. C. (2018). Effective treatment of veterans with PTSD: Comparison between intensive daily and weekly EMDR approaches. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1458.

Hyer, L. (1995). Use of EMDR in a "dementing" PTSD survivor. Clinical Gerontologist, 16, 70-73.

Inoue, N. (2009). Evaluation of an EMDR treatment outcome using the Rorschach, the TAT, and the IES-R: A case study of a human-caused trauma survivor. Rorschachiana, 30, 180-218.

INSERM (2004). Psychotherapy: An evaluation of three approaches. Paris, France: French National Institute of Health and Medical Research.

Ironson, G. I., Freund, B., Strauss, J. L., & Williams, J. (2002). A comparison of two treatments for traumatic stress: A pilot study of EMDR and prolonged exposure. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 113-128.

Jaberghaderi, N., Greenwald, R., Rubin, A., Dolatabadim, S., & Zand, S. O. (2004). A comparison of CBT and EMDR for sexually abused Iranian girls. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 11, 358-368.

Jarero, I., & Artigas, L. (2010). The EMDR integrative group treatment protocol: Application with adults during ongoing geopolitical crisis. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 4, 148-155.

Jarero, I., Artigas, L., & Hartung, J. (2006). EMDR Integrative Group Treatment Protocol: A Postdisaster Trauma Intervention for Children and Adults. Traumatology, 12, 121-129.

Jarero, I., Artigas, L., Mauer, M., Lopez Cano, T., & Alcala, N. (1999). Children’s post traumatic stress after natural disasters: Integrative treatment protocols. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Miami, FL.

Jarero, I., Artigas, L., Uribe, S., & Garcia, L. E. (2016). The EMDR integrative group treatment protocol for patients with cancer. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 10, 199-207.

Jarero, I., & Uribe, S. (2012). The EMDR protocol for recent critical incidents: Follow-up report of an application in a human massacre situation. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 6, 50-61.

Jayatunge, R. M. (2008). Combating tsunami disaster through EMDR. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2, 140-145.

Jensma, J. (1999). Critical incident intervention with missionaries: A comprehensive approach. Journal of Psychology & Theology, 27, 130-138.

Jovett, S., Karatzias, T., Brown, M., Grieve, A., Paterson, D., & Wally, R. (2016). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for DSM–5 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults with intellectual disabilities: A case study review. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy.

Kosatka, D., & Ona, C. (2014). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in a patient with Asperger's disorder: Case report. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 8, 13-18.

Kaslow, F. W., Nurse, A. R., & Thompson, P. (2002). EMDR in conjunction with family systems therapy. In F. Shapiro (Ed.), EMDR as an integrative psychotherapy approach: Experts of diverse orientations explore the paradigm prism (pp. 289-318). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Keenan, P., & Farrell, D. (2000). Treating morbid jealousy with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing utilizing cognitive inter-weave: A case report. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 13, 175-189.

Kelley, S. D. M., & Selim, B. (2007). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the psychological treatment of trauma-based psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 14, 135.

Kim, D., & Choi, J. (2004). Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing for Disorder of Extreme Stress: A case report. Journal of the Korean Neuropsychiatric Association, 43, 760-763.

Kitchiner, N. J.  (2000) Using eye movement desensitisation reprocessing (EMDR) to treat post-traumatic stress disorder in a prison setting.  British Journal of Community Nursing, 5, 26-31.

Kitchiner, N. J. (2004) Psychological treatment of three urban fire fighters with post-traumatic stress disorder using eye movement desensitisation reprocessing (EMDR) therapy. Journal of Complimentary Therapy, 10, 186-193.

Kitchiner, N., & Aylard, P. (2002). Psychological treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: A single case study of a UK police office. Mental Health Practice, 5, 34-38.

Klaff, F. (2016). EMDR therapy as portal to a child's processing of a medical condition: A case study and session deconstruction. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 10, 189-198.

Kleinknecht, R. A. (1993). Rapid treatment of blood and injection phobias with eye movement desensitization. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 24, 211-217.

Kleinknecht, R. A., & Morgan, M.P. (1992). Treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 23, 43-50.

Kneff, J. C., & Krebs, K. (2004). Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR): Another helpful mind-body technique to treat GI problems. Gastroenterology Nursing, 27, 286-287.

Knipe, J. (2005). Targeting positive affect to clear the pain of unrequited love, codependence, avoidance, and procrastination. In R. Shapiro (Ed.) EMDR solutions: Pathways to healing (pp. 189-212). New York, NY: WW Norton

Knipe, J. (2009). Dysfunctional positive affect: To assist clients with unwanted avoidance defenses. In M. Luber (Ed.), Eye movement desensitization (EMDR) scripted protocols: Special populations (pp. 451-452). New York, NY: Springer Publishing

Knipe, J. (2009). Dysfunctional positive affect: Procrastination. In M. Luber (Ed.), Eye movement desensitization (EMDR) scripted protocols: Special populations (pp. 453-458). New York, N. Y.: Springer Publishing

Knipe, J. (2009). Dysfunctional positive affect: Codependence or obsession with self-defeating behavior. In M. Luber (Ed.),Eye movement desensitization (EMDR) scripted protocols: Special populations (pp. 463-465).  New York, NY: Springer Publishing

Knipe, J. (2014). EMDR toolbox: Theory and treatment of complex PTSD and dissociation. New York, NY: Springer Publishing.

Knudsen, N. (2007). Integrating EMDR and Bowen theory in treating chronic relationship dysfunction. In F. Shapiro, F. W. Kaslow & L. Maxfield (Eds.), Handbook of EMDR and family therapy processes (pp. 169-186). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Koedam, W. S. (2007). Sexual trauma in dysfunctional marriages: integrating structural therapy and EMDR. In F. Shapiro, F. W. Kaslow & L. Maxfield (Eds.), Handbook of EMDR and family therapy processes (pp. 223-242). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Konuk, E., Knipe, J., Eke, I., Yuksek, H., Yurtsever, A., & Ostep, S. (2006). The effects of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy on posttraumatic stress disorder in survivors of the 1999 Marmara, Turkey, earthquake. International Journal of Stress Management, 13, 291.

Konuk, E., Epözdemir, H., Atçeken, S. H., Aydın, Y. E., & Yurtsever, A. (2011).  EMDR treatment of migraine. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 5, 166-176.

Korkmazler-Oral, U., & Pamuk, S. (2002). Group EMDR with child survivors of the earthquake in Turkey. Association for Child Psychiatry and Psychology, Occasional Paper No. 19, 47-50.

Korn, D. L., & Leeds, A. M. (2002). Preliminary evidence of efficacy for EMDR resource development and installation in the stabilization phase of treatment of complex posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 1465-1487.

Kowal, J. A. (2005). QEEG analysis of treating PTSD and bulimia nervosa using EMDR. Journal of Neurotherapy, 9, 114-115.

Krupnik, V. (2015). Integrating EMDR into an evolutionary-based therapy for depression: A case study. Clinical Case Reports, 3, 301-307.

Kullack, C., & Laugharne, J. (2016). Standard EMDR protocol for alcohol and substance dependence comorbid with posttraumatic stress disorder: Four cases with 12-month follow-up. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 10, 33-45.

Kutz, I., Resnik, V., & Dekel, R. (2008). The effect of single-session modified EMDR on acute stress syndromes. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2, 190-200.

Lansing, K. (2013). The rite of return: Coming back from duty-induced PTSD. High Ground Press.

Landin-Romero, R., Novo, P., Vicens, V., McKenna, P. J., Santed, A., Pomarol-Clotet, E., Salgado-Pineda, P., Shapiro. F., & Amann, B. L. (2013). EMDR therapy modulates the default mode network in a subsyndromal, traumatized bipolar patient. Neuropsychobiology, 67, 181-184.

Lansing, K., Amen, D. G., Hanks, C., & Rudy, L. (2005). High-resolution brain SPECT imaging and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in police officers with PTSD. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 17, 526-532.

Laub, B., & Weiner, N. (2011). A developmental/integrative perspective of the recent traumatic episode protocol. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 5, 57-72.

Lazrove, S., & Fine, C.G. (1996). The use of EMDR in patients with dissociative identity disorder. Dissociation, 9, 289-299.

Lazrove, S., Triffleman, E., Kite, L., McGlasshan, T., & Rounsaville, B. (1998). An open trial of EMDR as treatment for chronic PTSD. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 69, 601–608.

Leeds, A. (2012). EMDR treatment of panic disorder and agoraphobia: Two model treatment plans. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 6, 110-119.

Lipke, H. (2000). EMDR and psychotherapy integration: Theoretical and clinical suggestions with focus on traumatic stress. New York: CRC Press.

Lipke, H., & Botkin, A. (1992). Brief case studies of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing with chronic post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychotherapy, 29, 591-595.

Littel, M., van den Hout, M. A., & Engelhard, I. M. (2016). Desensitizing addiction: Using eye movements to reduce the intensity of substance-related mental imagery and craving. Frontiers in Psychiatry.

Lovett, J. (1999). Small wonders: Healing childhood trauma with EMDR. New York: The Free Press.

Madrid, A., Skolek, S., & Shapiro, F. (2006) Repairing failures in bonding through EMDR.  Clinical Case Studies. 5, 271-286.

Manfield, P. (Ed.). (1998a). Extending EMDR. New York: Norton.

Manfield, P. (1998b). Filling the void: Resolution of a major depression. In P. Manfield (Ed.), Extending EMDR: A casebook of innovative applications, (1st Ed.) (pp. 113-137). New York: W. W. Norton.

Manfield, P., & Shapiro, F. (2003). The application of EMDR to the treatment of personality disorders. In J. F. Magnavita (Ed.) Handbook of Personality: Theory and Practice. New York: Wiley.

Marcus, S. V. (2008). Phase 1 of integrated EMDR: An abortive treatment for migraine headaches. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2, 15-25.

Marcus, S. V., Marquis, P., & Saki, C. (1997). Controlled study of treatment of PTSD using EMDR in an HMO setting. Psychotherapy, 34, 307-315.

Markus, W. & Hornsveld, H.K. (2017). EMDR Interventions in Addiction. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research 11(1): 3-29.

Marich, J. (2009). EMDR in the addiction continuing care process: Case study of a cross-addicted female’s treatment and recovery. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3, 98-106.

Marich, J. (2010). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in addiction continuing care: A phenomenological study of women in recovery. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 24(3): 498-507.

Marquis, J. N. (1991). A report on seventy-eight cases treated by eye movement desensitization. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 22, 187-192.

Marr, J. (2012). EMDR Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: Preliminary research. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 6, 2-15.

Marsden, Z. (2016). EMDR treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: Three cases. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research,10. 91-103.

Maxfield, L. (2007). Integrative treatment of intrafamilial child sexual abuse. In F. Shapiro, F. W. Kaslow & L. Maxfield (Eds.), Handbook of EMDR and family therapy processes (pp. 344-364). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Maxfield, L., & Melnyk, W. T.  (2000) Single session treatment of test anxiety with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) International Journal of Stress Management, 7, 87-10.

Maxwell, J. P. (2003). The imprint of childhood physical and emotional abuse: A case study on the use of EMDR to address anxiety and lack of self-esteem. Journal of Family Violence, 18, 281-293.

Maroufi, M., Zamani, S., Izadikhah, Z., Marofi, M., & O'Connor, P. (2016). Investigating the effect of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) on postoperative pain intensity in adolescents undergoing surgery: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 72, 2207-2217.

Mazzola, A., Calcagno, M. L., Goicochea, M. T., Pueyrredòn, H., Leston, J., & Salvat, F. (2009).  EMDR in the treatment of chronic pain.  Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3, 66-79.

McCann, D. L. (1992). Post-traumatic stress disorder due to devastating burns overcome by a single session of eye movement desensitization. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 23, 319-323.

McCullough, L. (2002). Exploring change mechanisms in EMDR applied to “small t trauma” in short term dynamic psychotherapy: Research questions and speculations. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 1465-1487.

McGoldrick, T., Begum, M., & Brown, K. W. (2008). EMDR and olfactory reference syndrome: A case series. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2, 63-68.

McLaughlin, D. F., McGowan, I. W., Paterson, M. C., & Miller, P. W. (2008). Cessation of deliberate self-harm following eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing: A case report. Cases Journal, 1, 177.

McLay, R. N., Webb-Murphy, J. A., Fesperman, S. F., Delaney, E. M., Gerard, S. K., Roesch, S. C … Johnston, S. L. (2016). Outcomes from eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in active-duty service members with posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. Advance online publication.

McNally, V. J., & Solomon, R.M. (1999). The FBI's critical incident stress management program. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 68, 20-26.

Mevissen, L., & de Jongh, A. (2010). PTSD and its treatment in people with intellectual disabilities: A review of the literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 308-16.

Mevissen, L., Didden, R., & de Jongh, A. (2016). Assessment and treatment of PTSD in people with intellectual disabilities. Comprehensive Guide to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, 1-15.

Mevissen, L., Lievegoed, R., & de Jongh, A. (2010). EMDR treatment in people with mild ID and PTSD: 4 cases. Psychiatric Quarterly, 82, 43–57.

Mevissen, L., Lievegoed, R., Seubert, A., & de Jongh, A. (2011). Do persons with intellectual disability and limited verbal capacities respond to trauma treatment? Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 36, 278–283.

Meysami-Bonab, S., Abolghasemi, A., Sheikhian, M., Barahmand, U., & Rasooliazad, M. (2012). The effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy on the emotion regulation and emotion recognition of addicted individuals. Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 14, 33-37.

Meysner, L., Cotter, P., & Lee, C. W.  (2016). Evaluating the efficacy of EMDR with grieving individuals: A randomized control trial. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 10, 1-11.

Miller, R. (2010). The feeling-state theory of impulse-control disorders and the impulse-control disorder protocol. Traumatology, 16(3): 2-10.

Miller, R. (2012). Treatment of behavioral addictions utilizing the feeling-state addiction protocol: A multiple baseline study. Journal of EMDR Practice & Research, 6(4): 159-169.

Minelli, M. et al. (2019).  Clinical efficacy of trauma-focused psychotherapies in treatment-resistant depression (TRD) in-patients: A randomized, controlled pilot-study.  Psychiatry Research273, 567-574.

Moore, M. V. (2016). Couple therapy when one spouse has cancer: Integration of EMDR and relationship enhancement therapies. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 10, 208-214.

Morrissey, M. (2013). EMDR as an integrative therapeutic approach for the treatment of separation anxiety disorder. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 7, 200-207.

Moses, M. (2007). Enhancing attachments: conjoint couple therapy. In F. Shapiro, F. W. Kaslow & L. Maxfield (Eds.), Handbook of EMDR and family therapy processes (pp. 146-168). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Mosquera, D., & Gonzalez, A. (2014). Borderline personality disorder and EMDR therapy. United Kingdom: D.M.B.

Mosquera, D., & Knipe, J. (2015). Understanding and treating narcissism with EMDR therapy. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 9, 4663.

Mosquera, D., Leeds, A. M., & Gonzalez, A. (2014). Application of EMDR therapy for borderline personality disorder. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 8, 74-89.

Mosquera, D., & Ross, C. (2016). Application of EMDR therapy to self-harming behaviors. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 10, 119-128.

Muris, P., & Merckelbach, H. (1997). Treating spider phobics with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: A controlled study. Behavioral and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 25, 39-50.

Muris, P., Merkelbach, H., Holdrinet, I., & Sijenaar, M. (1998). Treating phobic children: Effects of EMDR versus exposure. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 193-198.

Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., van Haaften, H., & Nayer, B. (1997). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing versus exposure in vivo. British Journal of Psychiatry 171, 82-86.

Nadler, W. (1996). EMDR: Rapid treatment of panic disorder. International Journal of Psychiatry, 2, 1-8.

Narimani, M., Sadeghieh Ahari, S., & Rajabi, S. (2008). Comparison of efficacy of eye movement, desensitization and reprocessing and cognitive behavioral therapy therapeutic methods for reducing anxiety and depression of Iranian combatant afflicted by post traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Applied Sciences, 8, 1932-1937.

National Institute for Clinical Excellence (2005). Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): The management of adults and children in primary and secondary care. London: NICE Guidelines.

Nazari, H., Momeni, N., Jariani, M., & Tarrahi, M. J. (2011). Comparison of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing with citalopram in treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 15, 270-4.

Nia, N.G. (2018). Comparing the effect of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) with guided imagery on pain severity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, Journal of Pain Research, 11, 2107-2113.

Newgent, R. A., Paladino, D. A., & Reynolds, C. A. (2006). Single session treatment of nontraumatic fear of flying with eye movement desensitization reprocessing: Pre and post-September 11. Clinical Case Studies, 5, 25-36.

Niroomandi, R. (2012). Efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the Iranian veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after Iran/Iraq War. International Proceedings of Economic Development and Research, 40, 52-56.

Novo, P., Landin-Romero, R., Radua, J., Vicens, V., Fernandez, I., Garcia, F.,  … Amann, B. L. (2014). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy in subsyndromal bipolar patients with a history of traumatic events: A randomized, controlled pilot-study. Psychiatry Research, 219, 122-128.

O'Brien, E. (1993). Pushing the panic button. Family Therapy Networker, 75-83.

Oras, R., de Ezpeleta, S., & Ahmad, A. (2004). Treatment of traumatized refugee children with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 58, 199-203.

Osorio, A., Pérez, M., Tirado, S., Jarero, I., Givaudan, M. (2018). Randomized controlled trial on the EMDR integrative group treatment protocol for ongoing traumatic stress with adolescents and young adults patients with cancer. American Journal of Applied Psychology. Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 50-56

Ostacoli, L., Carletto, S., Cavallo, M., Baldomir-Gago, P., Di Lorenzo, G., Fernandez, I., Hase, M., Justo-Alonso, A., Lehnung, M., Migliaretti, G., Oliva, F., Pagani, M., Recarey-Eiris, S., Torta, R., Tumani, V., Gonzalez-Vazquez, A.I., Hofmann, A. (2018). Comparison of eye movement desensitization reprocessing and cognitive behavioral therapy as adjunctive treatments for recurrent depression: the European Depression EMDR Network (EDEN) randomized controlled trial. Frontiers of Psychology, 9, 74.

Page, A. C., & Crino, R. D. (1993). Eye-movement desensitization: A simple treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 27, 288-293.

Park, H., Kim, D., Jang, E. Y., & Bae, H.  (2016). Desensitization of triggers and urge reduction for paruresis: A case report. Psychiatry Investigation, 13, 161-163.  doi:10.4306/pi.2016.13.1.16.

Parnell, L. (1996). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and spiritual unfolding. The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 28, 129-153.

Paulsen, S. (1995). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Its use in the dissociative disorders. Dissociation, 8, 32-44.

Pellicer, X. (1993). Eye movement desensitization treatment of a child's nightmares: A case report. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 24, 73-75.

Perez-Dandieu, B., Lenoir, H., Othily, E., Tapia, G., Cassen, M. & Delile, J. M. (2015). The impact of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing and schema therapy on addiction severity among a sample of French women suffering from PTSD and SUD. Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 146, c68-c69.

Phillips, J.S., et. al. (2019).  Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing as a Treatment for Tinnitus.  The Laryngoscope00: 1-7.

Phillips, K. M., Freund, B., Fordiani, J., Kuhn, R., & Ironson, G. (2009) EMDR treatment of past domestic violence: A clinical vignette.  Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3, 192-197.

Pollock, P. (2000). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following homicide. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry, 11, 176-184.

Popky, A. J. (2005). DeTUR, an urge reduction protocol for addictions and dysfunctional behaviors. In R. Shapiro (Ed.), EMDR solutions: pathways to healing (pp. 167-188). New York: W. W. Norton.

Popky, A. J. (2009). The desensitization of triggers and urge reprocessing (DeTUR) protocol. In M. Luber (Ed.), Eye movement desensitization (EMDR) scripted protocols: Special populations (pp. 489-511). New York, NY: Springer Publishing.

Posmontier, B., Dovydaitis, T., & Lipman, K. (2010). Sexual violence: Psychiatric healing with eye movement reprocessing and desensitization. Health Care for Women International, 31, 755-68.

Protinsky, H., Sparks, J., & Flemke, K. (2001). Using eye movement desensitization and reprocessing to enhance treatment of couples. Journal of Marital & Family Therapy, 27, 157-164.

Proudlock, S., & Hutchins, J. (2016). EMDR within crisis resolution and home treatment teams. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 10, 47-56.

Puffer, M. K., Greenwald, R., & Elrod, D. E. (1998). A single session EMDR study with twenty traumatized children and adolescents. Traumatology, 3 (2).

Puk, G. (1991). Treating traumatic memories: A case report on the eye movement desensitization procedure. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 22, 149-151.

Raboni, M. R., Tufik, S., & Suchecki, D. (2006). Treatment of PTSD by eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR) improves sleep quality, quality of life, and perception of stress. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1071, 508-513.

Rathschlag, M., & Memmert, D. (2014). Reducing anxiety and enhancing physical performance by using an advanced version of EMDR: A pilot study. Brain and Behavior, 4, 348–355.

Ray, A. L., & Zbik, A. (2001). Cognitive behavioral therapies and beyond. In C. D. Tollison, J. R. Satterhwaite, & J. W. Tollison (Eds.) Practical Pain Management (3rd Ed.), (pp. 189-208). Philadelphia: Lippincott.

Reicherzer, S. (2011). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in counseling a male couple. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 5, 111-120.

Renfrey, G., & Spates, C. R. (1994). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: A partial dismantling procedure. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 25, 231-239.

Ribchester, T., Yule, W., & Duncan, A. (2010). EMDR for childhood PTSD after road traffic accidents: Attentional, memory, and attributional processes. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 4, 138-147.

Ricci, R. J. (2006). Trauma resolution using eye movement desensitization and reprocessing with an incestuous sex offender: An instrumental case study. Clinical Case Studies, 5, 248.

Ricci, R. J., & Clayton, C. A. (2016). EMDR with sex offenders: Using offense drivers to guide conceptualization and treatment. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 10, 104-118.

Ricci, R. J., Clayton, C. A., & Shapiro, F. (2006). Some effects of EMDR treatment with previously abused child molesters: Theoretical reviews and preliminary findings. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, 17, 538-562.

Rikkert, M., van Rood, Y., de Roos, C., Ratter J., & van den Hout, M., (2018) A trauma-focused approach for patients with tinnitus: the effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing – a multicentre pilot trial, European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 9:1, 1512248.

Roberts, A.K.P. (2018). The Effects of the EMDR Group Traumatic Episode Protocol With Cancer Survivors. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research 12(3): 105-117.

Rittenhouse, J. (2000). Using eye movement desensitization and reprocessing to treat complex PTSD in a biracial client. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 6, 399-408.

Rodenburg, R., Benjamin, A., Meijer, A. M., & Jongeneel, R. (2009). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in an adolescent with epilepsy and mild intellectual disability, Epilepsy & Behavior. 16, 175-80.

Rost, C., Hofmann, A., & Wheeler, K. (2009).  EMDR treatment of workplace trauma. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3, 80-90.

Rostaminejad A, Behnammoghadam M, Rostaminejad M, Behnammoghadam Z, Bashti S (2017). Efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing on the phantom limb pain of patients with amputations within a 24-month  follow-up. Int J Rehabil Res 40:209–214.

Royle, L. (2008). EMDR as a therapeutic treatment for chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2, 226-232.

Rothbaum, B. O. (1997). A controlled study of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for posttraumatic stress disordered sexual assault victims. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 61, 317-334.

Rothbaum, B. O., Astin, M. C., & Marsteller, F. (2005). Prolonged Exposure versus Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) for PTSD rape victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18, 607-616.

Rougemont-Bucking, A., & Zimmermann, E. N. (2012). EMDR-based treatment of psychotraumatic antecedents in illicit drug abusers: A report of two cases. Swiss Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 163, 107-115.

Russell, A., & O’Connor, M. (2002). Interventions for recovery: The use of EMDR with children in a community-based project. Association for Child Psychiatry and Psychology, Occasional Paper No. 19, 43-46.

Russell, M. C. (2006). Treating combat-related stress disorders: A multiple case study utilizing eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) with battlefield casualties from the Iraqi War. Military Psychology, 18, 1.

Russell, M. C. (2008a). Treating traumatic amputation-related phantom limb pain. Clinical Case Studies 7, 136-153.

Russell, M. C. (2008b). War-Related medically unexplained symptoms, prevalence, and treatment: Utilizing EMDR within the armed services. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2, 212-225.

Russell, M. C., & Figley, C. R. (2012). Treating traumatic stress injuries in military personnel: An EMDR practitioner's guide. New York, NY: Routledge.

Russell, M. C., Silver, S. M., Rogers, S., & Darnell, J. N. (2007). Responding to an Identified Need: A Joint Department of Defense/Department of Veterans Affairs Training Program in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) for Clinicians Providing Trauma Services. International Journal of Stress Management, 14, 61.

Sandstrom, M., Wiberg, B., Wikman, M., Willman, A. K., & Hogberg, U. (2008). A pilot study of eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing treatment (EMDR) for post-traumatic stress after childbirth. Midwifery, 24, 62-73.

Scheck, M. M., Schaeffer, J. A., & Gillette, C. S. (1998). Brief psychological intervention with traumatized young women: The efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11, 25-44.

Schneider, G., Nabavi, D., & Heuft, G. (2005). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in a patient with comorbid epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior, 7, 715-718.

Schneider, J., Hofmann, A., Rost, C., & Shapiro, F. (2007). EMDR and phantom limb pain: Case study, theoretical implications, and treatment guidelines. Journal of EMDR Science and Practice, 1, 31-45.

Schneider, J., Hofmann, A., Rost, C., & Shapiro, F. (2008).  EMDR in the treatment of chronic phantom limb pain. Pain Medicine, 9, 76-82.

Schubert, S. J., Lee, C. W., de Araujo, G., Butler, S. R., Taylor, G., & Drummond, P. D. (2016). The efffectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy to treat symptoms following trauma in Timor Leste. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 1-8.

Schurmans, K. (2007). EMDR treatment of choking phobia. Journal of EMDR Practice & Research, 1, 118-121.

Seidler, G. H., & Wagner, F. E. (2006). Comparing the efficacy of EMDR and trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of PTSD: A meta-analytic study. Psychological Medicine, 36, 1515-1522.

Semiz, M., Atik, S., & Erdem, M. (2016). Treatment augmentation effects of EMDR intervention after traumatic experiences in patients with major depression: A case series. Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 29, 91-95.

Shapiro, E., & Laub, B. (2008). Early EMDR intervention (EEI): A summary, a theoretical model, and the recent traumatic episode protocol (R-TEP). Journal of EMDR Practice & Research, 2, 79-96.

Shapiro, E., & Laub, B. (2015). Early EMDR intervention following a critical community incident: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 9(1), 17–27.

Shapiro, F. (1989a). Efficacy of the eye movement desensitization procedure in the treatment of traumatic memories. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 2, 199-223.

Shapiro, F. (1989b). Eye movement desensitization: A new treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 20, 211-217.

Shapiro, F. (1991). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing procedure: From EMD to EMDR: A new treatment model for anxiety and related traumata. Behavior Therapist, 14, 133-135.

Shapiro, F. (1994). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: A new treatment for anxiety and related trauma. In Lee Hyer (Ed.), Trauma victim: Theoretical and practical suggestions (pp. 501-521). Muncie, Indiana: Accelerated Development Publishers.

Shapiro, F. (1995). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Basic principles, protocols and procedures. New York: Guilford Press.

Shapiro, F. (1999). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and the anxiety disorders: Clinical and research implications of an integrated psychotherapy treatment. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13, 35-67.

Shapiro, F. (2001). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Basic principles, protocols and procedures (2nd Ed.). New York: Guilford Press.

Shapiro, F. (2002). EMDR as an integrative psychotherapy approach: Experts of diverse orientations explore the paradigm prism. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Press.

Shapiro, F. (2006).  EMDR and new notes on adaptive information processing: Case formulation principles, scripts and worksheets. Camden, CT: EMDR Humanitarian Assistance Programs.

Shapiro, F. (2007). EMDR, adaptive information processing, and case conceptualization. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 1, 68-87.

Shapiro, F. (2012). Getting past your past: Take control of your life with self-help techniques from EMDR therapy. New York: Rodale.

Shapiro, F., & Forrest, M. (2016). EMDR the breakthrough therapy for overcoming anxiety, stress and trauma (2nd ed.). New York: Basic Books.

Shapiro, F., Kaslow, F. W., & Maxfield, L. (2007). Handbook of EMDR and family therapy processes. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Shapiro, F., & Solomon, R. (1995). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Neurocognitive information processing. In G. Everley (Ed.), Innovations in disaster and trauma psychology, Vol. 1 (pp. 216-237). Elliot City, MD: Chevron Publishing.

Shapiro, F., Vogelmann-Sine, S., & Sine, L. (1994). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Treating trauma and substance abuse. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 26, 379-391.

Silver, S., & Rogers, S. (2001). Light in the heart of darkness: EMDR and the treatment of war and terrorism survivors. New York: Norton.

Silver, S. M., Rogers, S., Knipe, J., & Colelli, G. (2005). EMDR therapy following the 9/11 terrorist attacks: A community-based intervention project in New York City. International Journal of Stress Management, 12, 29-42.

Silver, S. M., Rogers, S., & Russell, M. (2008). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of war veterans. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 64, 947-957.

Silverman, S. (2011). Effecting peak athletic performance with neurofeedback, interactive metronome, and EMDR:  A case study. Biofeedback, 39, 40-42.

Sinici, E. (2016). Evaluation of EMDR therapy efficacy in treatment of phantom limb pain. The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 29, 349-358.

Soberman, G. B., Greenwald, R., & Rule, D. L. (2002). A controlled study of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for boys with conduct problems. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment, and Trauma, 6, 217-236.

Solomon, R. M. (1995). Critical incident trauma: Lessons learned at Waco, Texas. Paper presented at the Law Enforcement Psychology Conference, San Mateo, CA.

Solomon, R. M. (1998). Utilization of EMDR in crisis intervention. Crisis Intervention, 4, 239-246.

Solomon, R., & Dyregrov, A. (2000). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Rebuilding assumptive words. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening, 37, 1024-1030.

Solomon, R. M., & Kaufman, T. E. (2002). A peer support workshop for the treatment of traumatic stress of railroad personnel: Contributions of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Journal of Brief Therapy, 2, 27-33.

Solomon, R. M., & Rando, T. A. (2007). Utilization of EMDR in the treatment of grief and mourning. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 1, 109-117.

Solomon, R. M., & Shapiro, F. (1997). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing:  An effective therapeutic tool for trauma and grief. In C. R. Figley, B. E. Bride & N. Mazza (Eds.), Death and trauma: the traumatology of grieving (pp. 231-247). Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.

Spates, R. C., & Burnette, M. M. (1995). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Three unusual cases. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 26, 51-55.

Spector, J., & Huthwaite, M. (1993). Eye-movement desensitisation to overcome post-traumatic stress disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 106-108.

Sprang, G. (2001). The use of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of traumatic stress and complicated mourning: Psychological and behavioral outcomes. Research on Social Work Practice, 11, 300-320.

Srivastava, U., & Mukhopadhyay, A. (2008). Application of EMDR in the treatment of major depressive disorder: A case study. Indian Journal of Clinical Psychology. 35, 163-172.

Stramrood C. A. I., van der Velde J., Doornbos B., Marieke Paarlberg K., Weijmar Schultz W. C. M., & van Pampus, M.G. (2012). The patient observer: Eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing for the treatment of posttraumatic stress following childbirth. Birth. 39, 70‑76.

Stewart, K., & Bramson, T. (2000). Incorporating EMDR in residential treatment. Residential Treatment for Children & Youth, 17, 83-90.

Stowasser, J. (2007). EMDR and family therapy in the treatment of domestic violence. In F. Shapiro, F. W. Kaslow & L. Maxfield (Eds.), Handbook of EMDR and family therapy processes (pp. 243-264). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (2010). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. National Registry of Evidence-Based Programs and Practices.

Talan, B. S. (2007). Integrating EMDR and imago relationship therapy in treatment of couples. In F. Shapiro, F. W. Kaslow & L. Maxfield (Eds.), Handbook of EMDR and family therapy processes (pp. 187-201). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Tang, T. C., Yang, P., Yen, C. F., & Liu, T. L. (2015). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for treating psychological disturbances in Taiwanese adolescents who experienced Typhoon Morakot. The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences, 31, 363-369.

Taylor, R. (2002). Family unification with reactive attachment disorder: A brief treatment. Contemporary Family Therapy: An International Journal, 24, 475-481.

Tefft, A. J., & Jordan, I. R., (2016). Eye movement desensitization reprocessing as treatment for chronic pain syndromes: A literature review. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 1–23.

Thomas, R., & Gafner, G. (1993). PTSD in an elderly male: Treatment with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Clinical Gerontologist, 14, 57-59.

Tinker, R. H., & Wilson, S. A. (1999). Through the eyes of a child: EMDR with children. New York: Norton.

Tinker, R. H., & Wilson, S. A. (2006). The phantom limb pain protocol. In Shapiro, R. (Ed.), EMDR Solutions: Pathways to Healing, (pp 147-159), New York, W. W. Norton & Co.

Tofani, L. R., & Wheeler, K. (2011). The recent-traumatic episode protocol: Outcome evaluation and analysis of three case studies. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 5, 95-110.

Tufnell, G. (2005). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of pre-adolescent children with post-traumatic symptoms. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 10, 587.

Tsoutsa, A., Fotopoulos, D., Zakynthinos, S. & Katsaounou, P. (2013). Treatment of tobacco addiction using the feeling-state addiction protocol (FSAP) of the eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment. Tobacco induced diseases, 12(Supplement 1), A25.

Twombly, J. (2000). Incorporating EMDR and EMDR adaptations into the treatment of clients with dissociative identity disorder. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation, 1, 61-81.

Twombly, J. H. (2005). EMDR for Clients with Dissociative Identity Disorder, DDNOS, and Ego States. In R. Shapiro (Ed.), EMDR solutions: pathways to healing (pp. 88-120). New York: W. W. Norton.

van den Berg, D. P. G., de Bont, P. A. J. M., van der Vleugel, B. M., de Roos, C., de Jongh, A., van Minnen, A., & van der Gaag, M. (2015). Prolonged exposure vs eye movement desensitization and reprocessing vs waiting list for posttraumatic stress disorder in patients with a psychotic disorder: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of the American Medical Association Psychiatry, 72, 259-267.

van den Berg, D. P. G., & van den Gaag, M. (2012). Treating trauma in psychosis with EMDR: A pilot study. Journal of Behavior Therapy & Experimental Psychiatry, 43, 664-671.

van der Hart, O., Groenendijk, M., Gonzalez, A., Mosquera, D., & Solomon, R. (2014). Dissociation of the personality and EMDR therapy in complex trauma-related disorders: Applications in phases 2 and 3 treatment. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 8, 33-48.

van Rens, L. W., de Weert-van Oene, G. H., van Oosteren, A. A. & Rutten, C. (2012). Case study-Clinical treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in patients with serious dual diagnosis problems. Tijdschrift voor Psychiatrie, 54(4): 383-388.

Vaughan, K., Armstrong, M. F., Gold, R., O’Connor, N., Jenneke, W., & Tarrier, N. (1994). A trial of eye movement desensitization compared to image habituation training and applied muscle relaxation in post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 25, 283-291.

Vaughan, K., Wiese, M., Gold, R., & Tarrier, N. (1994). Eye-movement desensitisation: Symptom change in post-traumatic stress disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 533-541.

Vogelmann-Sine, S., Sine, L. & Smyth, N. (1999). EMDR to reduce stress and trauma-related symptoms during recovery from chemical dependency. International Journal of Stress Management, 6(4): 285-290.

Vogelmann-Sine, S., Sine, L. F., Smyth, N. J., & Popky, A. J. (1998). EMDR chemical dependency treatment manual. New Hope, PA: EMDR Humanitarian Assistance Programs.

Wadaa, N. N., Zaharim, N. M., & Alqashan, H. F. (2010). The use of EMDR in treatment of traumatized Iraqi children. Digest of Middle East Studies, 19, 26-36.

Wanders, F., Serra, M., & de Jongh, A. (2008). EMDR versus CBT for children with self-esteem and behavioral problems: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2, 180-189.

Wernik, U. (1993). The role of the traumatic component in the etiology of sexual dysfunctions and its treatment with eye movement desensitization procedure. Journal of Sex Education and Therapy, 19, 212-222.

Wesselmann, D., Davidson, M., Armstrong, S., Schweitzer, C., Bruckner, D., & Potter, A. E. (2012). EMDR as a treatment for improving attachment status in adults and children. Revue Europenne de Psychologie Applique/European Review of Applied Psychology, 62, 223-230.

Wesselmann, D., & Potter, A. E. (2009).  Change in adult attachment status following treatment with EMDR: Three case studies. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3, 178-191.

Wesselmann, D., Schweitzer, C., & Armstrong, S. (2014). Integrative team treatment for attachment trauma in children: Family therapy and EMDR. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Co.

Wesson, M., & Gould, M. (2009). Intervening early with EMDR on military operations: A case study. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3, 91-97.

White, G. D. (1998). Trauma treatment training for Bosnian and Croatian mental health workers. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 63, 58-62.

Wilensky, M. (2006). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) as a treatment for phantom limb pain. Journal of Brief Therapy, 5, 31-44.

Wilson, S. A., Becker, L. A., Tinker, R. H., & Logan, C. R. (2001). Stress management with law enforcement personnel. A controlled outcome study of EMDR versus a traditional stress management program. International Journal of Stress Management, 8, 179-200.

Wilson, S. A., Tinker, R., Becker, L. A., Hofmann, A., & Cole, J. W. (2000). EMDR treatment of phantom limb pain with brain imaging (MEG). Paper presented at the annual meeting of the EMDR International Association, Toronto, Canada.

Wise, A. & Marich, J. (2016).j The perceived effects of standard and addiction-specific EMDR therapy protocols. Journal of EMDR Practice & Research, 10(4): 231-244.

Wolpe, J., & Abrams, J. (1991). Post-traumatic stress disorder overcome by eye movement desensitization: A case report. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 22, 39-43.

Wright, S. A., & Russell, M. C.  (2012). Treating violent impulses: A case study utilizing eye movement desensitization and reprocessing with a military client. Clinical Case Studies, 12(2), 128–144.

Young, W. (1994). EMDR treatment of phobic symptoms in multiple personality. Dissociation, 7, 129-133.

Young, W. (1995). EMDR: Its use in resolving the trauma caused by the loss of a war buddy. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 49, 282-291.

Yurtsever, A., Konuk, E., Akyüz, T., Zat, Z., Tükel, F., Çetinkaya, M., . . .Shapiro, E. (2018). An eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) group intervention for Syrian refugees with post traumatic stress symptoms. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 493.

Zabukovec, J., Lazrove, S., & Shapiro, F. (2000). Self-healing aspects of EMDR: The therapeutic change process and perspective of integrated psychotherapies. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 10, 189-206.

Zaccagnino, Cussino, Callerame. Civilotti & Fernandez et al., (2017). Anorexia Nervosa and EMDR: A Clinical Case. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research 11(1): 43-53.

Zaghrout-Hodali, M., Alissa, F., & Dodgson, P. W. (2008). Building resilience and dismantling fear: EMDR group protocol with children in an area of ongoing trauma. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2, 106-113.

Zweben, J., & Yeary, J. (2006). EMDR in the treatment of addiction. Journal of Chemical Dependency Treatment, 8, 115-127.